Depression and Spinal Cord Injury
Keywords:
Spinal Cord Injury, Major Depressive Disorder, quality of life, assessment tools.
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury refers to damage to the spinal cord. It may cause permanent disability or to some extent loss of sensation in parts of the body below the level of the damage. Literature data supports that Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients show symptoms of depression as a secondary complication. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with Spinal Cord Injury. A large proportion of patients will be diagnosed with depression 1 to 5 years after the injury. Tools for assessing such a mental disorder vary, the most common being the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) which includes 9 relevant questions. Also, Major Depressive Disorder is related to the gender, age and ethnicity of the patient. The immediate need to deal with it is necessary as there is a high possibility that it will become chronic or recrudesce. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of life of people with spinal cord injury, which decreases after the injury and increases the likelihood of mental disorder.
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References
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10. Alschuler, K.N., Jensen, M.P., Sullivan-Singh, S.J., ‘et all’. The association of age, pain, and fatigue with physical functioning and depressive symptoms in persons with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal of Spinal Medicine 2013;36(5):483-91. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000072
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13. Luedtke, K., Maldonado-Bouchard, S., Wolle, S.A., ‘et all’. Assessment of depression in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004;31(2). https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/neu.2013.3204
14. Shin, L.C., Goo, H.R., Yu, S.G., ‘et all’. Depression and quality of life in patients within the first 6 months after the spinal cord injury. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 2012;36(1):119-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309324/
15. Migliorini, C., Tonge, B., Taleporos, G. Spinal cord injury and mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;42(4). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048670801886080
16. Kennedy, P., Duff, J., Evans, M., ‘et all’. Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. British Journal Clinical Psychology, 2010;42(1):41-52. https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1348/014466503762842002
17. Bombardier, C.H., Adams, L.M., Fann, J.S., ‘et all’. (2016). Depression trajectories during the first year after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2016;97(2):196-203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26525525/
18. Dorsett, P., Garagthy, T. Depression and adjustment after spinal cord injury: a three-year longitudinal study. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 2004;9(4):43-56. https://meridian.allenpress.com/tscir/article/9/4/43/66545/Depression-and Adjustment-After-Spinal-Cord-Injury
19. Richardson, E.S., Richards, S.S. (2008). Factor structure of the PHQ-9 screen for depression across time since injury among persons with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 2008;53(3):243-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-06402-016?doi=1
20. Krause JS., Bombardier C, Carter RE. Assessment of depressive symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury: is there an underlying somatic factor when using the PHQ? Rehabilitation Psychology 2008;53(4):513-2 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-17022-011?doi=1
21. Ulrich, P.M., Linconin, R.K., Tachett, M.S., ‘et all’. Pain, depression, and health care utilization over time after spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 201358(2):158-65. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0032047
22. Post, M., Noreau, L. Quality of life after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2005;29(3):139-46. https://journals.lww.com/jnpt/FullText/2005/09000/Quality_of_Life_After_Spinal_Cord_Injury.5.aspx
23. Fann, J.R., Bombardier, C.H., Richards J.S., ‘et all’. Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92(3):352-60. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999310003746
24. Bonanno, G.A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I.R., ‘et all’. Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 2012;57(3):236-47. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-23562-006?doi=1
25. Kalpakjian, C.Z., Bombardier, C.H., Schomer, K., ‘et all’. Measuring depression in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2009;32(1):6-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647502/
26. Bombardier, C.H., Kalpakjian C.Z., Graves, D.E., ‘et all’ Validity of patient health questionnaire-9 in assessing major depressive disorder during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;93(10):1838-45. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999312003152
27. Kemp, B.J., Kahan, J.S., Krause, J.S., ‘et all’. Treatment of major depression in individuals with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2008;27(1):22-8. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10790268.2004.11753726
2. Adhikari, S.P., Gurung, G., Khadka, B., ‘et all’. Factors influencing depression in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury and caregivers perceived burden in low-income country: a cross sectional study. Family Med Prim Care 2002;30(9):4890-96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32203068/
3. Bombardier, C.H., Richards, J.S., Krause, J.S., ‘et all’. (2004). Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85(11):1749-56. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999304010846
4. Paterson, M.D, Kamdar, N., Whitney, D.G., ‘et all’. (2019). Psychological morbidity and chronic disease among adults with non traumatic spinal cord injuries: a cohort study of privately insured beneficiaries. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2019;19(10):1680-86. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1529943019307880
5. Krause, J.S., Kemp, B., Coker, J. (2000). Depression after spinal cord injury: relation to gender, ethnicity, aging, and socioeconomic indicators. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(8):1099-109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999300085555
6. Dryden, D.M., Saunders, L.D., Rowe, B.H., ‘et all’. Depression following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroepidemiology 2005;25(2):55-61.https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/86284
7. Khazaeipour, Z., Taheri-Otaghsara, S., Naghdi, M. Depression following spinal cord injury: it’s relationship to demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 2015;21(2):149-55. https://meridian.allenpress.com/tscir/article/21/2/149/190757/Depression-Following-Spinal-Cord-Injury-Its
8. Fann, J.R., Bombardier, C.H., Richards, J.S., ‘et all’. Depression after spinal injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92(3):352-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255766/
9. Hoffman, J.M., Bombardier, C.H., Graves D.E., ‘et all’. A longitudinal study of depression from 1 to 5 years after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2011;12(3):411-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21353823/
10. Alschuler, K.N., Jensen, M.P., Sullivan-Singh, S.J., ‘et all’. The association of age, pain, and fatigue with physical functioning and depressive symptoms in persons with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal of Spinal Medicine 2013;36(5):483-91. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000072
11. Bonanno, G.A., Kenedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I.R., ‘et all’. Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 2012;57(3):236-47. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0029256
12. Graves, D.E., Bombardier, C.H. Improving the efficiency of screening for major depression in people with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2008;31(2):177-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565478/
13. Luedtke, K., Maldonado-Bouchard, S., Wolle, S.A., ‘et all’. Assessment of depression in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004;31(2). https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/neu.2013.3204
14. Shin, L.C., Goo, H.R., Yu, S.G., ‘et all’. Depression and quality of life in patients within the first 6 months after the spinal cord injury. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 2012;36(1):119-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309324/
15. Migliorini, C., Tonge, B., Taleporos, G. Spinal cord injury and mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;42(4). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048670801886080
16. Kennedy, P., Duff, J., Evans, M., ‘et all’. Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. British Journal Clinical Psychology, 2010;42(1):41-52. https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1348/014466503762842002
17. Bombardier, C.H., Adams, L.M., Fann, J.S., ‘et all’. (2016). Depression trajectories during the first year after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2016;97(2):196-203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26525525/
18. Dorsett, P., Garagthy, T. Depression and adjustment after spinal cord injury: a three-year longitudinal study. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 2004;9(4):43-56. https://meridian.allenpress.com/tscir/article/9/4/43/66545/Depression-and Adjustment-After-Spinal-Cord-Injury
19. Richardson, E.S., Richards, S.S. (2008). Factor structure of the PHQ-9 screen for depression across time since injury among persons with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 2008;53(3):243-49. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-06402-016?doi=1
20. Krause JS., Bombardier C, Carter RE. Assessment of depressive symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury: is there an underlying somatic factor when using the PHQ? Rehabilitation Psychology 2008;53(4):513-2 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-17022-011?doi=1
21. Ulrich, P.M., Linconin, R.K., Tachett, M.S., ‘et all’. Pain, depression, and health care utilization over time after spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 201358(2):158-65. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0032047
22. Post, M., Noreau, L. Quality of life after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2005;29(3):139-46. https://journals.lww.com/jnpt/FullText/2005/09000/Quality_of_Life_After_Spinal_Cord_Injury.5.aspx
23. Fann, J.R., Bombardier, C.H., Richards J.S., ‘et all’. Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92(3):352-60. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999310003746
24. Bonanno, G.A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I.R., ‘et all’. Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology 2012;57(3):236-47. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-23562-006?doi=1
25. Kalpakjian, C.Z., Bombardier, C.H., Schomer, K., ‘et all’. Measuring depression in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2009;32(1):6-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647502/
26. Bombardier, C.H., Kalpakjian C.Z., Graves, D.E., ‘et all’ Validity of patient health questionnaire-9 in assessing major depressive disorder during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;93(10):1838-45. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003999312003152
27. Kemp, B.J., Kahan, J.S., Krause, J.S., ‘et all’. Treatment of major depression in individuals with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2008;27(1):22-8. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10790268.2004.11753726
Published
2023-12-28
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