Spinal Cord Injury Associated with Spinal Stenosis: Outcomes and Prognostic Features.
Keywords:
spinal cord injury (SCI); spinal canal stenosis; lumbar spinal stenosis, cervical spinal stenosis.
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is gradually considered to be a health priority worldwide, due to its ever-growing occurrence in the recent years. When associated with spinal stenosis, it results in substantial pain and disability and becomes the most prevalent reason for spinal surgery in individuals exceeding the 50 years of age. The aim of this review is to examine and compare functional outcomes and define the prognostic features for patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with spinal stenosis. A search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMBASE and AMED was conducted, using keywords such as, “Spinal Cord injury” and “Spinal Stenosis”. Our literature research was completed in April 2022 and the review was carried out according to the guidelines of the PRISMA. 23 studies were included. Approximately 7,900 patients were observed in 20 studies and a considerable number of those were followed for time period ranging from 1 to 4 years. Study’s outcomes indicate that best prognostic factors lie with patients suffering from incomplete CSCI without major fracture or pre-existing CSCS when undergoing early surgery. Age is a good prognostic factor. Studies are contradictory whether early surgical treatment determines positive outcomes.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Edwards CC, Riew KD, Anderson PA et al. Cervical myelopathy. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Spine J. 2003;3(1):68-81.
2. Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis, and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(6):1360-78.
3. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham.2020. Available at: https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/Public/Facts%20and%20Figures%202020.pdf
4. Badhiwala JH, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG. Global burden of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(1):24-5.
5. Lee BB, Cripps RA, Fitzharris M, Wing PC. The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: update 2011, global incidence rate. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):110-6.
6. Cripps RA, Lee BB, Wing P et al. A global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: towards a living data repository for injury prevention. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(4):493-501.
7. Hagen EM. Acute complications of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):17-23.
8. Schneider RC, Cherry G, Pantek H. The syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury; with special reference to the mechanisms involved in hyperextension injuries of cervical spine. J Neurosurg. 1954;11(6):546-77.
9. The Burden of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States: Disability-Adjusted Life Years – Science Direct [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000399931831298X?via%3Dihub.
10. Middleton JW, Dayton A, Walsh J et al. Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study. Spinal Cord. 2012, 50:803–11.
11. Deyo RA. Treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a balancing act. Spine J. 2010;10(7):625-7.
12. Page M J, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews BMJ 2021;372:71
13. Torg JS. Cervical spinal stenosis with cord neurapraxia and transient quadriplegia. Sports Med. 1995;20(6):429-34.
14. Kirshblum SC, O’Connor KC. Predicting neurologic recovery in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(11):1456-66.
15. Pollard ME, Apple DF. Factors associated with improved neurologic outcomes in patients with incomplete tetraplegia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(1):33-9.
16. McKinley W, Santos K, Meade M et al. Incidence and outcomes of spinal cord injury clinical syndromes. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(3):215-24.
17. Lee BA, Leiby BE, Marino RJ. Neurological and functional recovery after thoracic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(1):67-76.
18. Witzmann A. Akupuntur und andere Therapieformen beim Patienten mit chronischen Wirbelsäulenschmerzen. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2000;150(13-14):286-94.
19. Burns SP, Weaver F, Chin A et al. Cervical stenosis in spinal cord injury and disorders. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(4):471-5.
20. Yoo DS, Lee SB, Huh PW et al. Spinal cord injury in cervical spinal stenosis by minor trauma. World Neurosurg. 2010;73(1):50-2; discussion e4.
21. Aarabi B, Alexander M, Mirvis SE et al. Predictors of outcome in acute traumatic central cord syndrome due to spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(1):122-30.
22. Alpízar-Aguirre A, Solano-Vargas JD, Zárate-Kalfopulus B et al. Resultados funcionales de la cirugía del conducto cervical estrecho [Functional results of surgery for cervical stenosis]. Acta Ortop Mex. 2013;27(1):4-8.
23. Samuel AM, Bohl DD, Basques BA et al. Analysis of Delays to Surgery for Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(13):992-1000.
24. Macedo LG, Hum A, Kuleba L et al. Physical therapy interventions for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2013;93(12):1646-60.
25. Kwon SY, Shin JJ, Lee JH et al. Prognostic factors for surgical outcome in spinal cord injury associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10:94.
26. Bonavita J, Torre M, Capirossi R et al. Outcomes Following Ischemic Myelopathies and Traumatic Spinal Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2017;23(4):368-76.
27. Park JH, Kim JH, Roh SW et al. Prognostic factor analysis after surgical decompression and stabilization for cervical spinal-cord injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2017;31(2):194-8.
28. Shigematsu H, Cheung JP, Mak KC et al. Cervical spinal canal stenosis first presenting after spinal cord injury due to minor trauma: An insight into the value of preventive decompression. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22(1):22-6.
29. Lee S, Kim C, Ha JK et al. Comparison of Early Surgical Treatment with Conservative Treatment of Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Without Major Fracture or Dislocation in Patients with Pre-existing Cervical Spinal Stenosis. Clin Spine Surg. 2021;34(3): E141-E146.
30. Khorasanizadeh M, Yousefifard M, Eskian M, et al. Neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019:1-17.
31. Rüegg TB, Wicki AG, Aebli N et al. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging measurements for assessing cervical spinal canal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(3):230-6.
32. Aebli N, Rüegg TB, Wicki AG et al. Predicting the risk and severity of acute spinal cord injury after a minor trauma to the cervical spine. Spine J. 2013;13(6):597-604.
33. Eismont FJ, Clifford S, Goldberg M, et al. Cervical sagittal spinal canal size in spine injury. Spine 1984;9:663-6.
34. Vaccaro A, Nachwalter R, Klein, G et al. The Significance of Thoracolumbar Spinal Canal Size in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Spine, 2001;26(4):371-76
35. Miyanji F, Furlan JC, Aarabi et al. Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007;243(3):820-7.
36. Cao J, Wang Q, Wang G, Lv F et al. Diagnostic value of MR imaging in cervical spinal canal stenosis combined with spinal cord injury]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009;23(7):800-2.
37. Harvey LA. Physiotherapy rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries. J Physiother. 2016;62(1):4-11.
2. Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis, and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(6):1360-78.
3. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Facts and Figures at a Glance. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham.2020. Available at: https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/Public/Facts%20and%20Figures%202020.pdf
4. Badhiwala JH, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG. Global burden of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(1):24-5.
5. Lee BB, Cripps RA, Fitzharris M, Wing PC. The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: update 2011, global incidence rate. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):110-6.
6. Cripps RA, Lee BB, Wing P et al. A global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: towards a living data repository for injury prevention. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(4):493-501.
7. Hagen EM. Acute complications of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015;6(1):17-23.
8. Schneider RC, Cherry G, Pantek H. The syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury; with special reference to the mechanisms involved in hyperextension injuries of cervical spine. J Neurosurg. 1954;11(6):546-77.
9. The Burden of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States: Disability-Adjusted Life Years – Science Direct [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000399931831298X?via%3Dihub.
10. Middleton JW, Dayton A, Walsh J et al. Life expectancy after spinal cord injury: a 50-year study. Spinal Cord. 2012, 50:803–11.
11. Deyo RA. Treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a balancing act. Spine J. 2010;10(7):625-7.
12. Page M J, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews BMJ 2021;372:71
13. Torg JS. Cervical spinal stenosis with cord neurapraxia and transient quadriplegia. Sports Med. 1995;20(6):429-34.
14. Kirshblum SC, O’Connor KC. Predicting neurologic recovery in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(11):1456-66.
15. Pollard ME, Apple DF. Factors associated with improved neurologic outcomes in patients with incomplete tetraplegia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(1):33-9.
16. McKinley W, Santos K, Meade M et al. Incidence and outcomes of spinal cord injury clinical syndromes. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(3):215-24.
17. Lee BA, Leiby BE, Marino RJ. Neurological and functional recovery after thoracic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(1):67-76.
18. Witzmann A. Akupuntur und andere Therapieformen beim Patienten mit chronischen Wirbelsäulenschmerzen. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2000;150(13-14):286-94.
19. Burns SP, Weaver F, Chin A et al. Cervical stenosis in spinal cord injury and disorders. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(4):471-5.
20. Yoo DS, Lee SB, Huh PW et al. Spinal cord injury in cervical spinal stenosis by minor trauma. World Neurosurg. 2010;73(1):50-2; discussion e4.
21. Aarabi B, Alexander M, Mirvis SE et al. Predictors of outcome in acute traumatic central cord syndrome due to spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(1):122-30.
22. Alpízar-Aguirre A, Solano-Vargas JD, Zárate-Kalfopulus B et al. Resultados funcionales de la cirugía del conducto cervical estrecho [Functional results of surgery for cervical stenosis]. Acta Ortop Mex. 2013;27(1):4-8.
23. Samuel AM, Bohl DD, Basques BA et al. Analysis of Delays to Surgery for Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(13):992-1000.
24. Macedo LG, Hum A, Kuleba L et al. Physical therapy interventions for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2013;93(12):1646-60.
25. Kwon SY, Shin JJ, Lee JH et al. Prognostic factors for surgical outcome in spinal cord injury associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10:94.
26. Bonavita J, Torre M, Capirossi R et al. Outcomes Following Ischemic Myelopathies and Traumatic Spinal Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2017;23(4):368-76.
27. Park JH, Kim JH, Roh SW et al. Prognostic factor analysis after surgical decompression and stabilization for cervical spinal-cord injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2017;31(2):194-8.
28. Shigematsu H, Cheung JP, Mak KC et al. Cervical spinal canal stenosis first presenting after spinal cord injury due to minor trauma: An insight into the value of preventive decompression. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22(1):22-6.
29. Lee S, Kim C, Ha JK et al. Comparison of Early Surgical Treatment with Conservative Treatment of Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Without Major Fracture or Dislocation in Patients with Pre-existing Cervical Spinal Stenosis. Clin Spine Surg. 2021;34(3): E141-E146.
30. Khorasanizadeh M, Yousefifard M, Eskian M, et al. Neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019:1-17.
31. Rüegg TB, Wicki AG, Aebli N et al. The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging measurements for assessing cervical spinal canal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(3):230-6.
32. Aebli N, Rüegg TB, Wicki AG et al. Predicting the risk and severity of acute spinal cord injury after a minor trauma to the cervical spine. Spine J. 2013;13(6):597-604.
33. Eismont FJ, Clifford S, Goldberg M, et al. Cervical sagittal spinal canal size in spine injury. Spine 1984;9:663-6.
34. Vaccaro A, Nachwalter R, Klein, G et al. The Significance of Thoracolumbar Spinal Canal Size in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Spine, 2001;26(4):371-76
35. Miyanji F, Furlan JC, Aarabi et al. Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007;243(3):820-7.
36. Cao J, Wang Q, Wang G, Lv F et al. Diagnostic value of MR imaging in cervical spinal canal stenosis combined with spinal cord injury]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009;23(7):800-2.
37. Harvey LA. Physiotherapy rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries. J Physiother. 2016;62(1):4-11.
Published
2023-12-28
Section
Young Scientists Pages
Copyright (c) 2023 Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Hellenica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
